Influential white legislators such as Rep. Even the federal authorities’ promise of 40 acres - land seized from traitors who had tried to destroy the United States of America - crumbled like dust. Lawmakers in several states created the Black Codes, which effectively criminalized blackness, sanctioned forced labor and undermined every tenet of democracy. Legislatures throughout the South scrambled to reinscribe white supremacy and restore the aura of legitimacy that the anti-slavery campaign had tarnished. Instead, emancipation brought white resentment that the good ol’ days of black subjugation were over. The North’s victory in the Civil War did not bring peace. For every action of African American advancement, there’s a reaction, a backlash. Board of Education decision and took on its latest incarnation with Barack Obama’s ascent to the White House. It exploded after the Civil War, erupted again to undermine the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Instead, white rage carries an aura of respectability and has access to the courts, police, legislatures and governors, who cast its efforts as noble, though they are actually driven by the most ignoble motivations.

It goes virtually unnoticed, however, because white rage doesn’t have to take to the streets and face rubber bullets to be heard. But the real rage smolders in meetings where officials redraw precincts to dilute African American voting strength or seek to slash the government payrolls that have long served as sources of black employment.

Protests and looting naturally capture attention. Sure, it is cloaked in the niceties of law and order, but it is rage nonetheless. What we’ve actually seen is the latest outbreak of white rage.

When we look back on what happened in Ferguson, Mo., during the summer of 2014, it will be easy to think of it as yet one more episode of black rage ignited by yet another police killing of an unarmed African American male. She is the author of “Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial Liberation, 1941-1960.” Carol Anderson is an associate professor of African American studies and history at Emory University and a public voices fellow with the Op-Ed Project.

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